Welcome to a journey of awareness and protection as we delve into the realm of canine rabies – a topic of paramount importance for every dog owner. In the quest to provide your furry friend with a life filled with happiness and vitality, understanding the threat of rabies is essential.

This comprehensive guide serves as your beacon of knowledge, shedding light on the global impact of canine rabies and arming you with the insights needed to prevent its insidious spread.

From unraveling the mechanisms of transmission to unveiling the telltale signs that may lurk within your cherished pet, we embark together to ensure that your canine companion lives a life free from the shadows of this preventable menace.

Canine Rabies: Symptoms, Prevention & Global Impact

Canine rabies is an acute, fatal viral infection of the brain characterized by encephalomyelitis and progressive inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Rabies in dogs has zoonotic concerns as it affects dogs, bats, and carnivores, and it can be transmitted to all kinds of mammals, including humans, through the saliva of biting dogs, carnivores, or bats.

Although vaccines for canine rabies and prophylactic treatment for pre-exposure canine rabies exist, it is present worldwide, especially in developing countries like Asia and Africa, and is a major threat to the lives of all mammals.

Other names of Canine Rabies: Lyssa, hydrophobia, mad dog syndrome.

Causes of Canine Rabies

The cause of canine rabies is Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononigavirales, ss negative sense RNA virus. It is a bullet-shaped virus. The virus is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected dog. The virus sheds in saliva. Humans and other warm-blooded animals get infected through contact with this saliva.

Canine Rabies Transmission: Unveiling How Dogs Contract the Virus

When an animal is bitten by a rabid dog, the saliva of the biting animal containing the virus is introduced into the muscles of the victim. From muscles, it travels through the peripheral nerves to the brain and spinal cord. In the brain and spinal cord, the virus multiplies and causes inflammation ( encephalomyelitis ).

After the multiplication of viruses in the brain, these viruses travel to the salivary glands and affect them. This usually takes 3 to 12 weeks. The virus usually disseminates through the body with salvation. With the virus shedding in the saliva, the life cycle of rabies is complete.

Spotting Signs: Common Symptoms of Canine Rabies

Certainly, here’s a list of common symptoms and signs to look out for in a dog that might be affected by rabies:

• Behavioral Changes:
  • Aggression or unprovoked attacks
  • Unusual restlessness or agitation
  • Withdrawal from social interactions
• Neurological Symptoms:
  • Muscle tremors or seizures
  • Uncoordinated movements or stumbling
  • Paralysis, particularly in the hind legs
• Excessive Salivation:
  • Frothy saliva or drooling
  • Difficulty in swallowing due to throat muscle paralysis
• Altered Vocalization:
  • Change in bark tone or pattern
  • Whimpering or growling without apparent reason
• Swallowing Difficulties:
  • Audible difficulty swallowing food or water
• Sensitivity to Light and Sound:
  • Aversion to bright light and loud noises
• Change in Appetite:
  • Loss of interest in food or water
• Irritability:
  • Unusual irritability or sensitivity to touch
• Excessive Licking, Biting, or Scratching:
  • Self-mutilation due to neurological discomfort

Remember that these symptoms can vary in intensity and might not all be present in every case. If you suspect any signs of rabies in your dog, it’s essential to consult a veterinarian immediately for proper diagnosis and guidance. Rabies is a serious and potentially fatal disease, so early detection and intervention are crucial.

How to Diagnose Rabies in Dogs?

The direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test is used for the diagnosis of rabies in dogs. Rabies virus antigens are detected in brain tissue. At least two locations of the brain should be included in the test to rule out rabies in dogs, preferably the brain stem and cerebellum. Euthanasia is necessary to carry out this procedure. The test requires 2 hours, but the removal of the sample and its shipping may take time.

Histopathological Diagnosis of Rabies

1)Mononuclear infiltration

2)Perivascular cuffing of Lymphocytes.

3) Lymphocytic foci

4)Negri bodies

5)Babes nodules consisting of glial cells

Note: In the case of humans, tests are performed on saliva, serum, spinal fluid, and skin biopsies of hair follicles at the neck nape.RT-PCR is performed on saliva samples. FAT is performed on serum and spinal fluid. Rabies antigen detection is performed on hair follicle skin biopsies.

Preventing Measure of Rabies in Dogs & Humans

The following are the measures that can be beneficial in preventing canine rabies:

Preventing Rabies in Dogs:

1. Vaccination: Regular rabies vaccinations are a cornerstone of prevention. Puppies should receive their first vaccine at around 12 weeks of age, followed by booster shots as recommended by your veterinarian.
2. Avoid Strays and Wildlife: Keep your dog away from stray animals and wildlife, which could potentially carry the virus.
3. Supervision: When outdoors, supervise your dog to prevent encounters with potentially infected animals.
4. Leash and Control: Always keep your dog on a leash, especially in areas where rabies is prevalent.
5. Secure Waste: Dispose of garbage and food scraps to reduce the attraction of wildlife.
6. Spaying/Neutering: Sterilizing your pet can reduce aggressive behaviors and the chances of roaming.
7. Prompt Healthcare: Seek immediate veterinary attention if your dog is bitten by another animal, even if your dog is vaccinated.
8. Report Strays: If you encounter stray dogs showing abnormal behavior, report them to local animal control.

Preventing Rabies in Humans:

1. Vaccination: Pre-exposure rabies vaccination is recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure, such as veterinarians and animal handlers.
2. Avoid Strays and Wildlife: Avoid contact with unknown animals, especially if they appear sick or behave strangely.
3. Pet Vaccination: Ensure your pets are vaccinated against rabies to prevent transmission to humans.
4. Animal Bites: Clean animal bites or scratches immediately with soap and water and seek medical attention promptly.
5. Educate Children: Teach children to avoid approaching unfamiliar animals, even if they seem friendly.
6. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): If bitten or scratched by an animal suspected of having rabies, seek medical attention immediately. PEP involves a series of shots to prevent rabies.
7. Travel Precautions: If traveling to regions with rabies prevalence, be cautious around animals and consider pre-travel vaccination.
8. Educational Programs: Promote awareness about rabies transmission and prevention through community education.

Remember, rabies is a serious disease with a high fatality rate, and prevention is the best approach. Always prioritize the safety and well-being of both your pets and yourself.

WHO’s strategies to control Rabies

1) Mass cognizance (about canine rabies, their perils, and strategy upon strike of infection)

2) Setting up rabies treatment centers at each district headquarters.

3) Economical anti-rabies vaccination

4)proper Law imposition for vet vaccination.

5)Mechanisms to decrease the stray dog population, either by mass vaccination or by their elimination.

6)Surveillance and monitoring system

7) Fraternization and affinity among government sectors and health care institutes (both human and veterinary).

8)Research 

“Why Vaccination Matters|| Protecting Your Dog and Your Community “

Why do vets emphasize vaccination against canine rabies? It’s not only because it’s their duty to protect animals, but also because they care for pet owners and humans.If your pet gets rabies, it’s not only dangerous for them, but also for you. Because you can also get infected by them, as your pets are an integral part of your family.

A Global Fight | Strategies for Rabies Control and Eradication”

Zero by 2030

It is the current strategy used worldwide to combat the rabies in dogs, as well as humans.

It aims to end canine rabies by the end of 2030.

Objectives of zero by 30

1) Reduction of rabies risk.It can be possible through the education and awareness of veterinarians, physicians, and health workers. Awareness includes knowledge about vaccination and medication protocols.

2) Generating effective policies by ensuring effective data.

2)It is preventable via awareness, post exposure prophylaxis, and mass dog vaccinations.

3) It affects the world’s most vulnerable populations.

4) Eradicating rabies strengthens the health system (one health collaboration).

Organizations UNITED AGAINST RABIES

1)WHO(world health organization)

2)Food and Agriculture organization of United Nations.

3)OIE(World Organization for human health)

4)Global alliance for Rabies control.

“A future without fear||Working towards Rabies-Free communities “

Countries free of canine rabies

there are a few countries and regions that are considered rabies-free or have successfully eliminated indigenous canine rabies transmission.

1. Australia
2. New Zealand
3. Japan
4. United Kingdom
5. Iceland
6. Norway
7. Sweden
8. Finland
9. Barbados
10. Singapore

Weaknesses in control of canine rabies in Pakistan

1) Lack of surveillance

2) Limited access to recent and up-to-date canine rabies vaccinations and IG

3) inadequate resources

4) inadequate political support

5) Weak collaboration among related government departments and health, livestock, and veterinary sciences authorities.

“Facing the Challenge: Managing Rabies Cases and Treatment”

When rabies strike, Steps to take if you suspect infection.

In case of Animals

1) Quarantine the dog if you suspect canine rabies infection.Quarantine will prevent the risk of zoonotic.

2) The dog should be quarantined for at least 10 days.If after 10 days, your dog is alright, we will conclude the dog non-contagious at the time of the bite.

3) Professional vet would notify the regulatory authorities. These authorities will take countermeasures to save the public. 

In case of Humans

1)Hygiene protocol (Wash hands with soap and water)

2)Contact a physician or health care worker as soon as possible.

3) Get a vaccine (Post exposure prophylaxis)

Rabies vaccine, 4 shots over 14 days, but if pre exposure vaccine already been done, 2 shots of post exposure prophylaxis.

4)Human Rabies Immunoglobulins

5)Contact animal control if you are bitten by an aggressive animal to ensure the safety of common people. 

Conclusion:

In conclusion, canine rabies stands as a serious threat to both our beloved four-legged friends and ourselves. By understanding its transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures, we can take active steps to protect our dogs and communities. Regular vaccinations, avoiding contact with potentially infected animals, and seeking immediate medical attention in case of bites are paramount. Remember, knowledge is our strongest defense against this preventable disease, ensuring that our furry companions lead safe, healthy lives alongside us.

References

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Clinical Signs of Rabies. Retrieved from Link
2. PetMD. (n.d.). Rabies in Dogs: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Retrieved from Link
3. Merck & Co., Inc. (n.d.). Rabies in Dogs. Retrieved from Link
4. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. (n.d.). Rabies Infections and Prevention. Retrieved from Link
5. WebMD. (n.d.). Rabies in Dogs. Retrieved from Link
6. VCA Hospitals. (n.d.). Rabies in Dogs. Retrieved from Link
7. World Health Organization. Rabies. Fact Sheet. URL: Link